วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 12 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2552
วันพุธที่ 11 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2552
Domestic
A short-haul domestic flight is commonly categorized into being no longer than 500 mi (800 km) 1.5 hours in length, meaning that all domestic flights within a country such as the United Kingdom are short-haul. In addition to this criterion, the destination airport must be in the same country as the departure airport. Domestic flights can vary greatly in length due to some countries being larger than others.
Short-haul flights
A short-haul flight is defined by Thomas Cook Airlines as a flight under 3 hours in length.
Long-haul flights
Long-haul flights are journeys typically made by wide-body aircraft that involve long distances, typically beyond six and a half hours in length[2], and often are non-stop flights. On some long-haul flights, jet airliners refuel in order to reach the destination.
Great circle distance and other factors
A flight will typically take a direct route to minimise flight length. For long-haul flights, the most direct route is a great circle around the curvature of the earth. For example, aircraft travelling west between continents in the northern hemisphere will often follow paths extending northward near or into the arctic region. The resulting route, when shown on a projected map of the world, will appear curved (despite being a direct route). The great-circle distance between airports may therefore give an approximation of flight length.
However, a flight route will also take into account weather conditions, and air currents. A transcontinental flight in an Easterly direction will often take a more southerly route to take advantage of the jet stream
ระยะการบิน
ประเทศ
สั้นสาวเที่ยวบินภายในประเทศประเภททั่วไปในการไม่เกิน 500 ไมล์ (800 กิโลเมตร) ความยาว 1.5 ชั่วโมงซึ่งหมายความว่าทุกสายการบินภายในประเทศภายในประเทศเช่น สหราชอาณาจักร จะสั้นสาว-. นอกเหนือจากเกณฑ์นี้สนามบินปลายทางจะต้องอยู่ในประเทศเดียวกับสนามบินออก. เที่ยวบินภายในประเทศจะแตกต่างกันอย่างมากในระยะเนื่องจากบางประเทศเป็นใหญ่กว่าคนอื่นๆ.
สั้นเที่ยวบินสาว สั้นบินสาว-กำหนดโดย Thomas Cook สายการบิน เป็นเที่ยวบินภายใต้ 3 ชั่วโมงความยาว.
ยาวเที่ยวบินสาว ยาวสาว มี เที่ยวบิน เดินทางได้ปกติโดย เครื่องบินทั่วร่างกาย-ที่ เกี่ยวข้องระยะทางยาวและมักจะเกินหกชั่วโมงครึ่งในยาวและมักจะ ไม่หยุดเที่ยวบิน. ในบางเที่ยวบินลากยาว, airliners ดำ เติมเชื้อเพลิงแก่เพื่อเข้าถึงปลายทาง.
เที่ยวบินปกติจะใช้เส้นทางที่ตรงเพื่อลดความยาวเที่ยวบิน. สำหรับเที่ยวบินยาวสาว, เส้นทางที่ตรงที่สุดคือ วงกลมใหญ่ รอบโค้งของแผ่นดิน. เช่นเครื่องบินตะวันตกเดินทางระหว่างทวีปในพื้นที่ภาคเหนือมักจะตามเส้นทางที่ขยายทางเหนือใกล้หรือในพื้นที่ อาร์กติก. เส้นทางผลที่แสดงบนแผนที่เมื่อฉายของโลกจะปรากฏโค้ง (แม้จะเป็นเส้นทางที่ตรง). มากระยะทางวงกลม-ระหว่าง ท่าอากาศยานจึงอาจให้ความยาวประมาณของเที่ยวบิน. แต่เส้นทางบินจะใช้ในสภาวะอากาศบัญชีและกระแสอากาศ. เที่ยวบินข้ามทวีปในทิศทางทางทิศตะวันออกมักจะใช้เส้นทางไปทางทิศใต้มากขึ้นในการใช้ประโยชน์จาก กระแสดำ.
A short-haul domestic flight is commonly categorized into being no longer than 500 mi (800 km) 1.5 hours in length, meaning that all domestic flights within a country such as the United Kingdom are short-haul. In addition to this criterion, the destination airport must be in the same country as the departure airport. Domestic flights can vary greatly in length due to some countries being larger than others.
Short-haul flights
A short-haul flight is defined by Thomas Cook Airlines as a flight under 3 hours in length.
Long-haul flights
Long-haul flights are journeys typically made by wide-body aircraft that involve long distances, typically beyond six and a half hours in length[2], and often are non-stop flights. On some long-haul flights, jet airliners refuel in order to reach the destination.
Great circle distance and other factors
A flight will typically take a direct route to minimise flight length. For long-haul flights, the most direct route is a great circle around the curvature of the earth. For example, aircraft travelling west between continents in the northern hemisphere will often follow paths extending northward near or into the arctic region. The resulting route, when shown on a projected map of the world, will appear curved (despite being a direct route). The great-circle distance between airports may therefore give an approximation of flight length.
However, a flight route will also take into account weather conditions, and air currents. A transcontinental flight in an Easterly direction will often take a more southerly route to take advantage of the jet stream
ระยะการบิน
ประเทศ
สั้นสาวเที่ยวบินภายในประเทศประเภททั่วไปในการไม่เกิน 500 ไมล์ (800 กิโลเมตร) ความยาว 1.5 ชั่วโมงซึ่งหมายความว่าทุกสายการบินภายในประเทศภายในประเทศเช่น สหราชอาณาจักร จะสั้นสาว-. นอกเหนือจากเกณฑ์นี้สนามบินปลายทางจะต้องอยู่ในประเทศเดียวกับสนามบินออก. เที่ยวบินภายในประเทศจะแตกต่างกันอย่างมากในระยะเนื่องจากบางประเทศเป็นใหญ่กว่าคนอื่นๆ.
สั้นเที่ยวบินสาว สั้นบินสาว-กำหนดโดย Thomas Cook สายการบิน เป็นเที่ยวบินภายใต้ 3 ชั่วโมงความยาว.
ยาวเที่ยวบินสาว ยาวสาว มี เที่ยวบิน เดินทางได้ปกติโดย เครื่องบินทั่วร่างกาย-ที่ เกี่ยวข้องระยะทางยาวและมักจะเกินหกชั่วโมงครึ่งในยาวและมักจะ ไม่หยุดเที่ยวบิน. ในบางเที่ยวบินลากยาว, airliners ดำ เติมเชื้อเพลิงแก่เพื่อเข้าถึงปลายทาง.
เที่ยวบินปกติจะใช้เส้นทางที่ตรงเพื่อลดความยาวเที่ยวบิน. สำหรับเที่ยวบินยาวสาว, เส้นทางที่ตรงที่สุดคือ วงกลมใหญ่ รอบโค้งของแผ่นดิน. เช่นเครื่องบินตะวันตกเดินทางระหว่างทวีปในพื้นที่ภาคเหนือมักจะตามเส้นทางที่ขยายทางเหนือใกล้หรือในพื้นที่ อาร์กติก. เส้นทางผลที่แสดงบนแผนที่เมื่อฉายของโลกจะปรากฏโค้ง (แม้จะเป็นเส้นทางที่ตรง). มากระยะทางวงกลม-ระหว่าง ท่าอากาศยานจึงอาจให้ความยาวประมาณของเที่ยวบิน. แต่เส้นทางบินจะใช้ในสภาวะอากาศบัญชีและกระแสอากาศ. เที่ยวบินข้ามทวีปในทิศทางทางทิศตะวันออกมักจะใช้เส้นทางไปทางทิศใต้มากขึ้นในการใช้ประโยชน์จาก กระแสดำ.
วันจันทร์ที่ 10 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2552
singapore
Geography and climate
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Singapore
Singapore is a popular travel destination, making tourism one of its largest industries. About 7.8 million tourists visited Singapore in 2006.[56] The total visitor arrivals reached around 10.2 million in 2007. [57] The Orchard Road shopping district is one of Singapore's most well-known and popular tourist draws. To attract more tourists, the government decided to legalise gambling and to allow two casino resorts (euphemistically called Integrated Resorts) to be developed at Marina South and Sentosa in 2005.[58] To compete with regional rivals like Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Shanghai, the government has announced that the city area would be transformed into a more exciting place by lighting up the civic and commercial buildings.[59] Cuisine has also been heavily promoted as an attraction for tourists, with the Singapore Food Festival in July organised annually to celebrate Singapore's cuisine.
Singapore is fast positioning itself as a medical tourism hub — about 200,000 foreigners seek medical care in the country each year and Singapore medical services aim to serve one million foreign patients annually by 2012 and generate USD 3 billion in revenue.[60] The government expects that the initiative could create an estimated 13,000 new jobs within the health industries.
Singapore now is a true melting pot of Chinese, Malay, Indian and Arabic communities. Tourists will see women with Chinese features wear sarongs and Arabic dress, and this cultural aspects contribute to making Singapore one of the unique destinations to visit. [61]
Under the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA), Wireless@SG is a government initiative to build Singapore's infocomm infrastructure. Working through IDA's Call-for-Collaboration, SingTel, iCell and QMax deploy a municipal wireless network throughout Singapore. Since late 2006, users have enjoyed free wireless access through Wi-Fi under the "basic-tier" package offered by all three operators for 3 years.
There are approximately 30,000 registered hotel rooms available in Singapore, and average occupancy is around 85%. [62]
Singapore Downtown as seen from the DHLBalloon
Singapore Botanic Gardens, a 67.3-hectare (166 acre) Botanic Gardens in Singapore that includes the National Orchid Garden, which has a collection of more than 3,000 species of orchids
Singapore consists of 63 islands, including mainland Singapore. There are two man-made connections to Johor, Malaysia — Johor-Singapore Causeway in the north, and Tuas Second Link in the west. Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the largest of Singapore's many smaller islands. The highest natural point of Singapore is Bukit Timah Hill at 166 m (545 ft).[citation needed]
The south of Singapore, around the mouth of the Singapore River and what is now the Downtown Core, used to be the only concentrated urban area, while the rest of the land was either undeveloped tropical rainforest or used for agriculture. Since the 1960s, the government has constructed new residential towns in outlying areas, resulting in an entirely built-up urban landscape. The Urban Redevelopment Authority was established on 1 April 1974, responsible for urban planning.[citation needed]
Singapore has on-going land reclamation projects with earth obtained from its own hills, the seabed, and neighbouring countries. As a result, Singapore's land area grew from 581.5 km2 (224.5 sq mi) in the 1960s to 704 km2 (271.8 sq mi) today, and may grow by another 100 km² (38.6 sq mi) by 2030.[39] The projects sometimes involve some of the smaller islands being merged together through land reclamation in order to form larger, more functional islands, such as in the case of Jurong Island.[citation needed]
Under the Köppen climate classification system, Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate with no distinctive seasons. Its climate is characterized by uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. Temperatures range from 22 °C to 34 °C (72° to 93 °F). On average, the relative humidity is around 90% in the morning and 60% in the afternoon. During prolonged heavy rain, relative humidity often reaches 100%.[40] The lowest and highest temperatures recorded in its maritime history are 19.4 °C (66.9 °F) and 35.8 °C (96.4 °F) respectively. June and July are the hottest months, while November and December make up the wetter monsoon season. From August to October, there is often haze, sometimes severe enough to prompt public health warnings, due to bushfires in neighbouring Indonesia. Singapore does not observe daylight saving time or a summer time zone change. The length of the day is nearly constant year round due to the country's location near the equator.[citation needed]
About 23% of Singapore's land area consists of forest and nature reserves.[41] Urbanisation has eliminated many areas of former primary rainforest, with the only remaining area of primary rainforest being Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. A variety of parks are maintained with human intervention, such as the Singapore Botanic Gardens.[citation needed]
Singapore Botanic Gardens, a 67.3-hectare (166 acre) Botanic Gardens in Singapore that includes the National Orchid Garden, which has a collection of more than 3,000 species of orchids
Singapore consists of 63 islands, including mainland Singapore. There are two man-made connections to Johor, Malaysia — Johor-Singapore Causeway in the north, and Tuas Second Link in the west. Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the largest of Singapore's many smaller islands. The highest natural point of Singapore is Bukit Timah Hill at 166 m (545 ft).[citation needed]
The south of Singapore, around the mouth of the Singapore River and what is now the Downtown Core, used to be the only concentrated urban area, while the rest of the land was either undeveloped tropical rainforest or used for agriculture. Since the 1960s, the government has constructed new residential towns in outlying areas, resulting in an entirely built-up urban landscape. The Urban Redevelopment Authority was established on 1 April 1974, responsible for urban planning.[citation needed]
Singapore has on-going land reclamation projects with earth obtained from its own hills, the seabed, and neighbouring countries. As a result, Singapore's land area grew from 581.5 km2 (224.5 sq mi) in the 1960s to 704 km2 (271.8 sq mi) today, and may grow by another 100 km² (38.6 sq mi) by 2030.[39] The projects sometimes involve some of the smaller islands being merged together through land reclamation in order to form larger, more functional islands, such as in the case of Jurong Island.[citation needed]
Under the Köppen climate classification system, Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate with no distinctive seasons. Its climate is characterized by uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. Temperatures range from 22 °C to 34 °C (72° to 93 °F). On average, the relative humidity is around 90% in the morning and 60% in the afternoon. During prolonged heavy rain, relative humidity often reaches 100%.[40] The lowest and highest temperatures recorded in its maritime history are 19.4 °C (66.9 °F) and 35.8 °C (96.4 °F) respectively. June and July are the hottest months, while November and December make up the wetter monsoon season. From August to October, there is often haze, sometimes severe enough to prompt public health warnings, due to bushfires in neighbouring Indonesia. Singapore does not observe daylight saving time or a summer time zone change. The length of the day is nearly constant year round due to the country's location near the equator.[citation needed]
About 23% of Singapore's land area consists of forest and nature reserves.[41] Urbanisation has eliminated many areas of former primary rainforest, with the only remaining area of primary rainforest being Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. A variety of parks are maintained with human intervention, such as the Singapore Botanic Gardens.[citation needed]
TourismMain article: Tourism in Singapore
Singapore is a popular travel destination, making tourism one of its largest industries. About 7.8 million tourists visited Singapore in 2006.[56] The total visitor arrivals reached around 10.2 million in 2007. [57] The Orchard Road shopping district is one of Singapore's most well-known and popular tourist draws. To attract more tourists, the government decided to legalise gambling and to allow two casino resorts (euphemistically called Integrated Resorts) to be developed at Marina South and Sentosa in 2005.[58] To compete with regional rivals like Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Shanghai, the government has announced that the city area would be transformed into a more exciting place by lighting up the civic and commercial buildings.[59] Cuisine has also been heavily promoted as an attraction for tourists, with the Singapore Food Festival in July organised annually to celebrate Singapore's cuisine.
Singapore is fast positioning itself as a medical tourism hub — about 200,000 foreigners seek medical care in the country each year and Singapore medical services aim to serve one million foreign patients annually by 2012 and generate USD 3 billion in revenue.[60] The government expects that the initiative could create an estimated 13,000 new jobs within the health industries.
Singapore now is a true melting pot of Chinese, Malay, Indian and Arabic communities. Tourists will see women with Chinese features wear sarongs and Arabic dress, and this cultural aspects contribute to making Singapore one of the unique destinations to visit. [61]
Under the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA), Wireless@SG is a government initiative to build Singapore's infocomm infrastructure. Working through IDA's Call-for-Collaboration, SingTel, iCell and QMax deploy a municipal wireless network throughout Singapore. Since late 2006, users have enjoyed free wireless access through Wi-Fi under the "basic-tier" package offered by all three operators for 3 years.
There are approximately 30,000 registered hotel rooms available in Singapore, and average occupancy is around 85%. [62]
วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 16 กรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2552
วันอังคารที่ 14 กรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2552
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